Purpose of the PSP and background
The purpose of this protocol is to clearly set out the aims, objectives and commitments of the Developmental Childhood Stammering Priority Setting Partnership (PSP) in line with James Lind Alliance (JLA) principles. The Protocol is a JLA requirement and will be published on the PSP’s page of the JLA website. The Steering Group will review the Protocol regularly and any updated version will be sent to the JLA.
The JLA is a non-profit making initiative, established in 2004. It brings patients, carers and clinicians together in PSPs. These PSPs identify and prioritise the evidence uncertainties, or ‘unanswered questions’, that they agree are the most important for research in their topic area. Traditionally PSPs have focused on uncertainties about the effects of treatments, but some PSPs have chosen to broaden their scope beyond that. The aim of a PSP is to help ensure that those who fund health research are aware of what really matters to patients, carers and clinicians. The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR – www.nihr.ac.uk) coordinates the infrastructure of the JLA to oversee the processes for PSPs, based at the NIHR Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre (NETSCC), University of Southampton.
In September 2019, Action for Stammering Children hosted a Research Panel Event at UCL to mark its 30th anniversary. This event was attended by children who stammer and their families, speech and language therapists, academics and those interested in stammering research. Attendees had the opportunity to hear from leading academics from three UK institutions about research over the past thirty years and priority areas for future research in the field. The presentations were followed by an interactive and lively discussion with the audience. During this discussion, it became clear that there were a range of questions and views about the future direction of research in this field, with families voicing a number of different perspectives and priorities. The charity was keen to ensure that these contributions were not lost and decided to approach the JLA about the possibility of a priority setting partnership to identify research priorities informed by the key stakeholders engaged in childhood stammering. The Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists (RCSLT) had undertaken a similar research priority setting project for a number of communication disorders, however stammering was not one of them, and therefore there was an opportunity to contribute to the work that had already been undertaken there.
Aims, objectives and scope of the PSP
The aim of the Developmental Childhood Stammering PSP is to identify the unanswered questions about developmental childhood stammering from patient, carer and clinical perspectives and then prioritise those that patients, carers and clinicians agree are the most important for research to address.
The objectives of the PSP are to:
- work with patients, carers and clinicians to identify uncertainties about the causes, intervention, and social, emotional and mental health development of children and young people who stammer
- to agree by consensus a prioritised list of those uncertainties, for research
- to publicise the results of the PSP and process
- to take the results to research commissioning bodies to be considered for funding.
The scope of the Developmental Childhood Stammering PSP is defined as:
- Children and young people (between two and 25 years of age) who have a developmental stammer(1) in the UK, inclusive of all language backgrounds.
- Epidemiology of stammering
- Intervention approaches for childhood stammering
- Social, emotional and mental health development in children and young people who stammer
The PSP will exclude from its scope questions about:
- Individuals over the age of 25 years
The Steering Group is responsible for discussing what implications the scope of the PSP will have for the evidence-checking stage of the process. Resources and expertise will be put in place to do this evidence checking.
The Steering Group
The Steering Group includes membership of patients and carers and clinicians(2), as individuals or representatives from a relevant group. The developmental childhood stammering PSP will be led and managed by a Steering Group involving the following:
Patient and carer representative/s:
Charlotte James, parent
Ozair Surti, ASC Youth Panel
Phoebe Avbulimen, ASC Youth Panel
Thomas Grattoni-May, ASC Youth Panel
Erin Marlow, STAMMA Youth Panel
Organisational representatives:
Ria Bernard, Action for Stammering Children
Catherine Woolley, STAMMA*
Dr Milly Heelan, Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists (RCSLT)
Dr Naheem Bashir, Kaleidoscope Health and Care & STAMMA Trustee
Research representatives:
Professor Kate Watkins, University of Oxford
Clinical representative/s:
Dr Sharon Millard, Expert Speech & Language Therapist and Research Lead, Michael Palin Centre for Stammering
Corinne Moffatt Santos, Specialist Speech & Language Therapist & member of the Lidcombe Program Trainers Consortium
Rachel Stevens, Speech & Language Therapist
Education representatives
Chris Nelson, Teacher
Project coordinators:
Ria Bernard & Connor Tregunna, Action for Stammering Children
James Lind Alliance Adviser and Chair of the Steering Group:
Dr Patricia Ellis, JLA
The Steering Group will agree the resources, including time and expertise that they will be able to contribute to each stage of the process, with input and advice from the JLA.
Partners
Organisations and individuals will be invited to be involved with the PSP as partners. Partners are organisations or groups who will commit to supporting the PSP, promoting the process and encouraging their represented groups or members to participate. Organisations which can reach and advocate for these groups will be invited to become involved in the PSP. Partners represent the following groups:
- people who have had a developmental stammer
- carers of people who have had a developmental stammer
- health and social care professionals - with experience of stammering.
Exclusion criteria
Some organisations may be judged by the JLA or the Steering Group to have conflicts of interest. These may be perceived to potentially cause unacceptable bias as a member of the Steering Group. As this is likely to affect the ultimate findings of the PSP, those organisations will not be invited to participate. It is possible, however, that interested parties may participate in a purely observational capacity when the Steering Group considers it may be helpful.
The methods the PSP will use
This section describes a schedule of proposed steps through which the PSP aims to meet its objectives. The process is iterative and dependent on the active participation and contribution of different groups. The methods used in any step will be agreed through consultation between the Steering Group members, guided by the PSP’s aims and objectives. More details of the method are in the Guidebook section of the JLA website at www.jla.nihr.ac.uk where examples of the work of other JLA PSPs can be seen.
Step 1: Identification and invitation of potential partners
Potential partner organisations will be identified through a process of peer knowledge and consultation, through the Steering Group members’ networks. Potential partners will be contacted and informed of the establishment and aims of the developmental childhood stammering PSP.
Step 2: Awareness raising
PSPs will need to raise awareness of their proposed activity among their patient, carer and clinician communities, in order to secure support and participation. Depending on budget, this may be done by a face-to-face meeting, or there may be other ways in which the process can be launched, e.g. via social media. It may be carried out as part of steps 1 and/or 3. The Steering Group should advise on when to do this. Awareness raising has several key objectives:
- to present the proposed plan for the PSP
- to generate support for the process
- to encourage participation in the process
- to initiate discussion, answer questions and address concerns.
Step 3: Identifying evidence uncertainties
The developmental childhood stammering PSP will carry out a consultation to gather uncertainties from patients, carers and clinicians. A period of 3 months will be given to complete this exercise (which may be revised by the Steering Group if required).
The developmental childhood stammering PSP recognises that the following groups may require additional consideration:
Consideration needs to be given to engaging children and young people in this process both in terms of the ways in which these groups can be involved and how to reach them. It will be particularly important to engage lower income families with experience of stammering. While stammering is more common in boys, it will be important to hear from girls and young women who stammer. It will be important to reach individuals who stammer and have other co-occurring disorders to ensure they are represented in this project, and that families from all ethnic groups are represented.
The Steering Group will use the following methods to reach the target groups:
- Online survey
- Paper copies of surveys at events
- Presence at relevant conferences (face-to-face consultation)
- Magazine articles and blog posts about the project
- Presentations to interested stakeholder groups
- Distributing leaflets with QR codes to access the survey
Existing sources of evidence uncertainties may also be searched:
- Systematic reviews of the existing literature
- Meta-analyses
- Randomised Control Trials
- RCSLT and NICE clinical guidelines
Step 4: Refining questions and uncertainties
The consultation process will produce ‘raw’ questions and comments indicating patients’, carers’ and clinicians’ areas of uncertainty. These raw questions will be categorised and refined by JLA consultant, Dr Kristina Staley, into summary questions which are clear, addressable by research, and understandable to all. Similar or duplicate questions will be combined where appropriate. Out-of-scope and ‘answered’ submissions will be compiled separately. The Steering Group will have oversight of this process to ensure that the raw data is being interpreted appropriately and that the summary questions are being worded in a way that is understandable to all audiences. The JLA Adviser will observe to ensure accountability and transparency.
This will result in a long list of in-scope summary questions. These are not research questions and to try and word them as such may make them too technical for a non-research audience. They will be framed as researchable questions that capture the themes and topics that people have suggested.
The summary questions will then be checked against evidence to determine whether they have already been answered by research. This will be done by a sub-committee of the steering group. The PSP will complete the JLA Question Verification Form, which clearly describes the process used to verify the uncertainty of the questions, before starting prioritisation. The Question Verification Form includes details of the types and sources of evidence used to check uncertainty. The Question Verification Form should be published on the JLA website as soon as it has been agreed to enable researchers and other stakeholders to understand how the PSP has decided that its questions are unanswered, and any limitations of this.
Questions that are not adequately addressed by previous research will be collated and recorded on a standard JLA template by Kristina. This will show the checking undertaken to make sure that the uncertainties have not already been answered. The data should be submitted to the JLA for publication on its website on completion of the priority setting exercise, taking into account any changes made at the final workshop, in order to ensure that PSP results are publicly available.
The Steering Group will also consider how it will deal with submitted questions that have been answered, and questions that are out of scope.
Step 5: Prioritisation – interim and final stages
The aim of the final stage of the priority setting process is to prioritise through consensus the identified uncertainties about developmental childhood stammering. This will involve input from patients, carers and clinicians. The JLA encourages PSPs to involve as wide a range of people as possible, including those who did and did not contribute to the first consultation. There are usually two stages of prioritisation.
- Interim prioritisation is the stage where the long list of questions is reduced to a shorter list that can be taken to the final priority setting workshop. This is aimed at a wide audience, and is done using similar methods to the first consultation. With the JLA’s guidance, the Steering Group will agree the method and consider how best to reach and engage patients, carers and clinicians in the process. The most highly ranked questions (around 25) will be taken to a final priority setting workshop. Where the interim prioritisation does not produce a clear ranking or cut off point, the Steering Group will decide which questions are taken forwards to the final prioritisation.
- The final priority setting stage is generally a one-day workshop facilitated by the JLA. With guidance from the JLA and input from the Steering Group, up to 30 patients, carers and clinicians will be recruited to participate in a day of discussion and ranking, to determine the top 10 questions for research. All participants will declare their interests. The Steering Group will advise on any adaptations needed to ensure that the process is inclusive and accessible.
Dissemination of results
The Steering Group will identify audiences with which it wants to engage when disseminating the results of the priority setting process, such as researchers, funders and the patient and clinical communities. They will need to determine how best to communicate the results and who will take responsibility for this. Previous PSPs’ outputs have included academic papers, lay reports, infographics, conference presentations and videos for social media.
It should be noted that the priorities are not worded as research questions. The Steering Group should discuss how they will work with researchers and funders to establish how to address the priorities and to work out what the research questions are that will address the issues that people have prioritised. The dissemination of the results of the PSP will be led by Ria Bernard and Connor Tregunna.
The JLA encourages PSPs to report back about any activities that have come about because of the PSP, including funded research. Please send any details to jla@soton.ac.uk.
Agreement of the Steering Group
The Developmental Childhood Stammering PSP Steering Group updated the content and direction of this Protocol on 16.2.23.
(1) Developmental stammering is a neurodevelopmental difference characterised by disruptions in fluency and timing of speech, which typically begins in early childhood. Core speech characteristics include (i) repetition of sounds and syllables, (ii) prolongation of sounds, (iii) blocks in airflow that can be silent or audible. These speech characteristics may be accompanied by secondary behaviours, such as head nods and jaw tension. Stammering may also include features which are often invisible to the listener. Such covert features can include negative feelings and attitudes, and avoidance of particular words or some situations. Secondary behaviours and covert features may result from societal attitudes to stammering and personal emotions. The frequency and duration of stammered moments varies considerably from day-to-day and from person-to-person. ‘Stammering’ and ‘stuttering’ are used interchangeably.
(2) In some cases, it has been suggested that researchers are represented on the Steering Group, to advise on the shaping of research questions. However, researchers cannot participate in the prioritisation exercise. This is to ensure that the final prioritised research questions are those agreed by patients, carers and clinicians only, in line with the JLA’s mission.