Purpose of the PSP and background
The purpose of this protocol is to clearly set out the aims, objectives and commitments of the Obstructive Sleep Apnea Priority Setting Partnership (PSP) in line with James Lind Alliance (JLA) principles. The Protocol is a JLA requirement and will be published on the PSP’s page of the JLA website. The Steering Group will review the Protocol regularly and any updated version will be sent to the JLA.
The JLA is a non-profit making initiative, established in 2004. It brings patients, carers and clinicians together in PSPs. These PSPs identify and prioritise the evidence uncertainties, or ‘unanswered questions’, that they agree are the most important for research in their topic area. Traditionally PSPs have focused on uncertainties about the effects of treatments, but some PSPs have chosen to broaden their scope beyond that. The aim of a PSP is to help ensure that those who fund health research are aware of what really matters to patients, carers and clinicians. The National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR – www.nihr.ac.uk) coordinates the infrastructure of the JLA to oversee the processes for PSPs, based at the NIHR Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre (NETSCC), University of Southampton.
The Respiratory Research Centre (RRC) is a multi-disciplinary centre working to build knowledge and understanding of respiratory health and well-being across the life span and within at-risk groups. In pursuit of our mission we develop knowledge translation and patient/carer engagement activities to work with the community to improve health outcomes. At a recent event in May 2019, we invited patients and caregivers to an all-day event where they would have the opportunity to engage with respirologists and lung health professionals to have their questions answered. The feedback at that event was positive and, requests for future events identified obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) as the desired area of focus.
We recognize that OSA has a high prevalence here in Canada and, despite the prevalence of OSA, it remains an under-diagnosed public health concern. Untreated OSA has been associated with increased utilization of health care, reduced work performance (absence from work and lost productivity, workplace errors, costs of illness-related accidents), and increased occupational and motor vehicle accidents. Furthermore, while established diagnostic and therapeutic modalities are available, patient adherence to treatments such as Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) can be as low as 50% over the course of a year, largely as a result of patient discomfort. There have been calls for increased understanding of the role of psychosocial variables in treatment adherence.
Aims, objectives and scope of the PSP
The aim of the Obstructive Sleep Apnea PSP is to identify the unanswered questions about sleep apnea from patient, carer and clinical perspectives and then prioritise those that patients, carers and clinicians agree are the most important for research to address.
The objectives of the PSP are to:
- work with patients, carers and clinicians to identify uncertainties about treatment of sleep apnea as well as the issues surrounding self-management and adherence to treatment
- to agree by consensus a prioritised list of those uncertainties, for research
- to publicise the results of the PSP and process
- to take the results to research commissioning bodies to be considered for funding.
The scope of the Obstructive Sleep Apnea PSP is defined as:
- treatment for adult obstructive sleep apnea
- ear, nose and throat (ENT) issues related to OSA
- sleep quality of individuals with diagnosed OSA
- diagnosis by a healthcare provider
- public (patient and carer) responses limited to the province of Saskatchewan
- clinician responses inclusive of all provinces in Canada to ensure diversity of responses and an adequate sample size
The PSP will exclude from its scope questions about:
- pediatric sleep apnea
- causes of obstructive sleep apnea
- prognosis for obstructive sleep apnea
The Steering Group is responsible for discussing what implications the scope of the PSP will have for the evidence-checking stage of the process. Resources and expertise will be put in place to do this evidence checking.
The Steering Group
The Steering Group includes membership of patients and carers and clinicians , as individuals or representatives from a relevant group.
The Obstructive Sleep Apnea PSP will be led and managed by a Steering Group involving the following:
Patient and carer representative/s:
Candace Skrapek, Patient Family Advisor – Respiratory Research Centre
Karen Webb, Patient Family Advisor – Respiratory Research Centre
Bill Hails, Patient Family Advisor – Respiratory Research Centre
Bill Schaffel, Patient Family Advisor – Respiratory Research Centre
Dave Parkalub, Person with OSA – Lung Association, Saskatchewan
Myrna Briggs, Patient Family Advisor
Andre Letendre, Cultural Services Advisor – Saskatoon Health Authority
Janice Newman, Patient Family Advisor
Clinical representative/s:
Mark Fenton, Respirologist, University of Saskatchewan
Rob Skomro, Respirologist, University of Saskatchewan
Kendra Ulmer, RN, Canadian Ctr for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan
Jaimie Peters, RN, Lung Association, Saskatchewan
Dawn Demchenko, RN, LiveWell Chronic Disease Management
Co-Leads:
Donna Goodridge, Director, Respiratory Research Centre
Sarah Fang, Patient Engagement Specialist, Health Quality Council
Project coordinator:
Britney Duncan, University of Saskatchewan
James Lind Alliance Adviser and Chair of the Steering Group:
Katherine Cowan
The Steering Group will agree the resources, including time and expertise that they will be able to contribute to each stage of the process, with input and advice from the JLA.
Partners
Organisations and individuals will be invited to be involved with the PSP as partners. Partners are organisations or groups who will commit to supporting the PSP, promoting the process and encouraging their represented groups or members to participate. Organisations which can reach and advocate for these groups will be invited to become involved in the PSP. Partners represent the following groups:
people who have had obstructive sleep apnea
carers of people who have had obstructive sleep apnea
health and social care professionals - with experience of obstructive sleep apnea.
Exclusion criteria
Some organisations may be judged by the JLA or the Steering Group to have conflicts of interest. These may be perceived to potentially cause unacceptable bias as a member of the Steering Group. As this is likely to affect the ultimate findings of the PSP, those organisations will not be invited to participate. It is possible, however, that interested parties may participate in a purely observational capacity when the Steering Group considers it may be helpful.
The methods the PSP will use
This section describes a schedule of proposed steps through which the PSP aims to meet its objectives. The process is iterative and dependent on the active participation and contribution of different groups. The methods used in any step will be agreed through consultation between the Steering Group members, guided by the PSP’s aims and objectives. More details of the method are in the Guidebook section of the JLA website at www.jla.nihr.ac.uk where examples of the work of other JLA PSPs can be seen.
Step 1: Identification and invitation of potential partners
Potential partner organisations will be identified through a process of peer knowledge and consultation, through the Steering Group members’ networks. Potential partners will be contacted and informed of the establishment and aims of the Obstructive Sleep Apnea PSP.
Step 2: Awareness raising
PSPs will need to raise awareness of their proposed activity among their patient, carer and clinician communities, in order to secure support and participation. Depending on budget, this may be done by a face-to-face meeting, or there may be other ways in which the process can be launched, e.g. via social media. It may be carried out as part of steps 1 and/or 3. The Steering Group should advise on when to do this. Awareness raising has several key objectives:
- to present the proposed plan for the PSP
- to generate support for the process
- to encourage participation in the process
- to initiate discussion, answer questions and address concerns.
Step 3: Identifying evidence uncertainties
The Obstructive Sleep Apnea PSP will carry out a consultation to gather uncertainties from patients, carers and clinicians. A period of 18 months will be given to complete this exercise (which may be revised by the Steering Group if required).
The Obstructive Sleep Apnea PSP recognises that the following groups may require additional consideration. In order to include indigenous groups we will attempt trips to at least 3 tribal communities in Saskatchewan in order to discuss the partnership and determine interest in participation.
The Steering Group will use the following methods to reach the target groups
- online surveys
- focus groups
- paper surveys
Existing sources of evidence uncertainties may also be searched. We have begun to research recommendations in systematic reviews and clinical guidelines. The PSP will also include systematic reviews being prepared and registers of ongoing research.
Step 4: Refining questions and uncertainties
The consultation process will produce ‘raw’ questions and comments indicating patients’, carers’ and clinicians’ areas of uncertainty. These raw questions will be categorised and refined by the Social Sciences Research Laboratory (SSRL) into summary questions which are clear, addressable by research, and understandable to all. Similar or duplicate questions will be combined where appropriate. Out-of-scope and ‘answered’ submissions will be compiled separately. The Steering Group will have oversight of this process to ensure that the raw data is being interpreted appropriately and that the summary questions are being worded in a way that is understandable to all audiences. The JLA Adviser will observe to ensure accountability and transparency.
This will result in a long list of in-scope summary questions. These are not research questions and to try and word them as such may make them too technical for a non-research audience. They will be framed as researchable questions that capture the themes and topics that people have suggested.
The summary questions will then be checked against evidence to determine whether they have already been answered by research. This will be done by Britney Duncan and Donna Goodridge. The PSP will complete the JLA Question Verification Form, which clearly describes the process used to verify the uncertainty of the questions, before starting prioritisation. The Question Verification Form includes details of the types and sources of evidence used to check uncertainty. The Question Verification Form should be published on the JLA website as soon as it has been agreed to enable researchers and other stakeholders to understand how the PSP has decided that its questions are unanswered, and any limitations of this.
Questions that are not adequately addressed by previous research will be collated and recorded on a standard JLA template by Britney Duncan. This will show the checking undertaken to make sure that the uncertainties have not already been answered. The data should be submitted to the JLA for publication on its website on completion of the priority setting exercise, taking into account any changes made at the final workshop, in order to ensure that PSP results are publicly available.
The Steering Group will also consider how it will deal with submitted questions that have been answered, and questions that are out of scope.
Step 5: Prioritisation – interim and final stages
The aim of the final stage of the priority setting process is to prioritise through consensus the identified uncertainties about obstructive sleep apnea. This will involve input from patients, carers and clinicians. The JLA encourages PSPs to involve as wide a range of people as possible, including those who did and did not contribute to the first consultation. There are usually two stages of prioritisation.
1. Interim prioritisation is the stage where the long list of questions is reduced to a shorter list that can be taken to the final priority setting workshop. This is aimed at a wide audience, and is done using similar methods to the first consultation. With the JLA’s guidance, the Steering Group will agree the method and consider how best to reach and engage patients, carers and clinicians in the process. The most highly ranked questions (around 25) will be taken to a final priority setting workshop. Where the interim prioritisation does not produce a clear ranking or cut off point, the Steering Group will decide which questions are taken forwards to the final prioritisation.
2. The final priority setting stage is generally a one-day workshop facilitated by the JLA. With guidance from the JLA and input from the Steering Group, up to 30 patients, carers and clinicians will be recruited to participate in a day of discussion and ranking, to determine the top 10 questions for research. All participants will declare their interests. The Steering Group will advise on any adaptations needed to ensure that the process is inclusive and accessible.
Dissemination of results
The Steering Group will identify audiences with which it wants to engage when disseminating the results of the priority setting process, such as researchers, funders and the patient and clinical communities. They will need to determine how best to communicate the results and who will take responsibility for this. Previous PSPs’ outputs have included academic papers, lay reports, infographics, conference presentations and videos for social media.
It should be noted that the priorities are not worded as research questions. The Steering Group should discuss how they will work with researchers and funders to establish how to address the priorities and to work out what the research questions are that will address the issues that people have prioritised. The dissemination of the results of the PSP will be led by Donna Goodridge and the Co-Lead Sarah Fang.
The JLA encourages PSPs to report back about any activities that have come about because of the PSP, including funded research. Please send any details to jla@soton.ac.uk.
Agreement of the Steering Group
The Obstructive Sleep Apnea PSP Steering Group agreed the content and direction of this Protocol on March 3, 2021.