Purpose of the PSP and background
The purpose of this protocol is to clearly set out the aims, objectives, and commitments of the Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis (PPF) Priority Setting Partnership (PSP) in line with James Lind Alliance (JLA) principles. The Protocol is a JLA requirement and will be published on the PSP’s page of the JLA website. The Steering Group will review the Protocol regularly and any updated version will be sent to the JLA.
The JLA is a non-profit making initiative, established in 2004. It brings patients, carers, and clinicians together in PSPs. These PSPs identify and prioritise the evidence uncertainties, or ‘unanswered questions’, that they agree are the most important for research in their topic area. The aim of a PSP is to help ensure that those who fund health research are aware of what really matters to patients, carers, and clinicians. The National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR – www.nihr.ac.uk) coordinates the infrastructure of the JLA to oversee the processes for PSPs, based at the NIHR Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre (NETSCC), University of Southampton.
This idea of this PSP was originally developed by Professor Gisli Jenkins and supported by leading national charity Action for Pulmonary Fibrosis. Progressive pulmonary fibrosis represents the chronic, and usually fatal fibrotic evolution of a series of rare pulmonary conditions, commonly known as interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). They include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (cHP), unclassifiable ILD (uILD), connective tissue disease-associated ILD (CT-ILD), sarcoidosis, and occupational disease related ILD. These diseases are often underdiagnosed, and their exact prevalence is not known. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, the best known among the ILDs, is estimated to affect, to date, around 32,500 people in the UK. Moreover, data from the UK- registry, presented by the British Thoracic Society, suggest that 10% of patients with sporadic IPF may have an affected first-degree relative, not all diagnosed yet. IPF generally affects people over 60 years, and its symptoms evolve from relatively mild dyspnoea on exertion at the early stage, to progressive breathlessness during routine activities of daily living, cough, sleep disturbance, oxygen dependence, and loss of independence. The median life expectancy is 2.5–3.5 years after diagnosis, although some people can live longer. The fear of forthcoming death due to the progressive and unpredictable course of the disease, coupled with the disabling symptoms, represent significant causes of psychological distress, eventually leading to depression in around 43% of patients.
Aims, objectives and scope of the PSP
The aim of the PPF PSP is to identify the unanswered questions about progressive pulmonary fibrosis (PPF), from patient, carer and clinical perspectives and then prioritise those that patients, carers and clinicians agree are the most important for research to address.
The scope of the progressive pulmonary fibrosis PSP is defined as:
- Work with patients, carers and clinicians to identify research uncertainties around the development of PPF; about diagnosis, treatment, and management of the disease (daily living at every stage) before and after the diagnosis.
- to agree by consensus a prioritised list of those uncertainties, for future research.
- to publicise the results of the PSP and process.
- to take the results to research commissioning bodies to be considered for funding.
The PSP will exclude from its scope questions about:
- Cause
- Access to services
The Steering Group is responsible for discussing what implications the scope of the PSP will have for the evidence checking stage of the process. Resources and expertise will be put in place to do this evidence checking.
The Steering Group
The Steering Group includes membership of patients and carers and clinicians, as individuals or representatives from a relevant group.
The progressive pulmonary fibrosis PSP will be led and managed by a Steering Group involving the following:
Patient and carer representative/s:
Ian Foote
John Conway
Maureen Ward
Steve Jones
Steve Milward
Thomas McMillan
Wendy Dickinson
Clinical representative/s:
Anne-Marie Russell
Gisli Jenkins
Jennifer Lynch- Wilson
Michael Gibbons
Nazia Chaudhuri
Simon Hart
Project coordinators:
Laura Fabbri
Louise Wright
Lucy Howard
James Lind Alliance Adviser and Chair of the Steering Group:
Katherine Cowan
The Steering Group will agree the resources, including time and expertise that they will be able to contribute to each stage of the process, with input and advice from the JLA.
Partners
Organisations and individuals will be invited to be involved with the PSP as partners. Partners are organisations or groups who will commit to supporting the PSP, promoting the process and encouraging their represented groups or members to participate. Organisations which can reach and advocate for these groups will be invited to become involved in the PSP. Partners represent the following groups:
- people who have or have had progressive pulmonary fibrosis
- carers of people who have or have had progressive pulmonary fibrosis
- respiratory healthcare professionals - with experience of interstitial lung diseases (GP, nurse, physician, physiotherapist,
- palliative care, oxygen technician, psychologist, pharmacist, dietician)
- organisations who interact with or support a significant number of people affected by progressive pulmonary fibrosis
Exclusion criteria
Some organisations may be judged by the JLA or the Steering Group to have conflicts of interest. These may be perceived to potentially cause unacceptable bias as a member of the Steering Group. As this is likely to affect the ultimate findings of the PSP, those organisations will not be invited to participate. It is possible, however, that interested parties may participate in a purely observational capacity when the Steering Group considers it may be helpful.
The methods the PSP will use
This section describes a schedule of proposed steps through which the PSP aims to meet its objectives. The process is iterative and dependent on the active participation and contribution of different groups. The methods used in any step will be agreed through consultation between the Steering Group members, guided by the PSP’s aims and objectives. More details of the method are in the Guidebook section of the JLA website at www.jla.nihr.ac.uk where examples of the work of other JLA PSPs can be seen.
Step 1: Identification and invitation of potential partners
Potential partner organisations will be identified through a process of peer knowledge and consultation, through the Steering Group members’ networks. Potential partners will be contacted and informed of the establishment and aims of the progressive pulmonary fibrosis PSP.
Step 2: Awareness raising
PSPs will need to raise awareness of their proposed activity among their patient, carer, and clinician communities, in order to secure support and participation. Depending on budget, this may be done by a face-to-face meeting, or there may be other ways in which the process can be launched, e.g. via social media. It may be carried out as part of steps 1 and/or 3. The Steering Group should advise on when to do this. Awareness raising has several key objectives:
- to present the proposed plan for the PSP
- to generate support for the process
- to encourage participation in the process
- to initiate discussion, answer questions and address concerns.
Step 3: Identifying evidence uncertainties
The progressive pulmonary fibrosis PSP will carry out a consultation to gather uncertainties from patients, carers and clinicians. A period of 3 months will be given to complete this exercise (which may be revised by the Steering Group if required).
The progressive pulmonary fibrosis PSP recognises that the following groups may require additional consideration. People living with pulmonary fibrosis during Covid-19 are likely to be shielding. Although many people can be reached via online methods many won’t be easily contactable unless by phone or post.
The Steering Group will use the following methods to reach the target groups
- Online (accessible via email/website/video conferencing)
- Postal survey for people where we have their postal address and appropriate permissions
- Telephone for small groups of people who are otherwise hard to reach and engage
It is unlikely we will be able to gather information face to face during Covid-19. Should lockdown restrictions lift or the risk to people with PF reduce, then these methods will be revised.
Existing sources of evidence uncertainties may also be searched. These may include:
- Cochrane database
- NHS Evidence
- NICE Guidance and NICE Research recommendations database
- BTS interstitial lung diseases guidelines
Step 4: Refining questions and uncertainties
The consultation process will produce ‘raw’ questions and comments indicating patients’, carers’ and clinicians’ areas of uncertainty. These raw questions will be categorised and refined by Laura Fabbri into summary questions which are clear, addressable by research, and understandable to all. Similar or duplicate questions will be combined where appropriate. Out-of-scope and ‘answered’ submissions will be compiled separately. The Steering Group will have oversight of this process to ensure that the raw data is being interpreted appropriately and that the summary questions are being worded in a way that is understandable to all audiences. The JLA Adviser will observe to ensure accountability and transparency.
This will result in a long list of in-scope summary questions. These are not research questions and to try and word them as such may make them too technical for a non-research audience. They will be framed as researchable questions that capture the themes and topics that people have suggested.
The summary questions will then be checked against evidence to determine whether they have already been answered by research. This will be done by Laura Fabbri. The PSP will complete the JLA Question Verification Form, which clearly describes the process used to verify the uncertainty of the questions, before starting prioritisation. The Question Verification Form includes details of the types and sources of evidence used to check uncertainty. The Question Verification Form should be published on the JLA website as soon as it has been agreed to enable researchers and other stakeholders to understand how the PSP has decided that its questions are unanswered, and any limitations of this.
Questions that are not adequately addressed by previous research will be collated and recorded on a standard JLA template by Laura Fabbri. This will show the checking undertaken to make sure that the uncertainties have not already been answered. The data should be submitted to the JLA for publication on its website on completion of the priority setting exercise, taking into account any changes made at the final workshop, in order to ensure that PSP results are publicly available.
The Steering Group will also consider how it will deal with submitted questions that have been answered, and questions that are out of scope.
Step 5: Prioritisation – interim and final stages
The aim of the final stage of the priority setting process is to prioritise through consensus the identified uncertainties about progressive pulmonary fibrosis. This will involve input from patients, carers and clinicians. The JLA encourages PSPs to involve as wide a range of people as possible, including those who did and did not contribute to the first consultation. There are usually two stages of prioritisation.
1. Interim prioritisation is the stage where the long list of questions is reduced to a shorter list that can be taken to the final priority setting workshop. This is aimed at a wide audience and is done using similar methods to the first consultation. With the JLA’s guidance, the Steering Group will agree the method and consider how best to reach and engage patients, carers and clinicians in the process. The most highly ranked questions (around 25) will be taken to a final priority setting workshop. Where the interim prioritisation does not produce a clear ranking or cut off point, the Steering Group will decide which questions are taken forwards to the final prioritisation.
2. The final priority setting stage is generally a one-day workshop facilitated by the JLA. With guidance from the JLA and input from the Steering Group, up to 30 patients, carers and clinicians will be recruited to participate in a day of discussion and ranking, to determine the top 10 questions for research. All participants will declare their interests. The Steering Group will advise on any adaptations needed to ensure that the process is inclusive and accessible.
Dissemination of results
The Steering Group will identify audiences with which it wants to engage when disseminating the results of the priority setting process, such as researchers, funders and the patient and clinical communities. They will need to determine how best to communicate the results and who will take responsibility for this. Previous PSPs’ outputs have included academic papers, lay reports, infographics, conference presentations and videos for social media.
It should be noted that the priorities are not worded as research questions. The Steering Group should discuss how they will work with researchers and funders to establish how to address the priorities and to work out what the research questions are that will address the issues that people have prioritised. The dissemination of the results of the PSP will be led Gisli Jenkins.
The JLA encourages PSPs to report back about any activities that have come about because of the PSP, including funded research. Please send any details to jla@soton.ac.uk.
Agreement of the Steering Group
The PPF PSP Steering Group agreed the content and direction of this Protocol on the 3rd December 2020.